防雷接地英文（防雷防雷接地）
本文目录一览：
- 1、英文翻译小微基站防雷接地这么做,100%实现接地
- 2、求一篇防雷接地的英文文献与翻译
- 3、防雷接地SPD是什么意思
- 4、谁能帮我找一些建筑学，土木方面的英语词汇，要那种常见单词但是意思很专业的，越多越好
- 5、求一关于“建筑物防雷”的英文文献最好外带翻译的~~
英文翻译小微基站防雷接地这么做,100%实现接地
小微基站防雷接地这么做,100%实现接地的英语翻译是：Small and micro base station lightning protection and grounding, 100% realization of grounding，见下图
求一篇防雷接地的英文文献与翻译
电铸铜接地极是一种双金属复合材料，是将铜与钢两种金属通过电镀工艺加工而成的新型接地材料，以低碳钢为钢芯(参照UL467，BS6651和BS7430标准)，通过电极原理，将纯度为99．9％的铜离子均匀吸附在钢芯表面。该产品既有钢的高强度、恒定的低电阻率和高导磁特性、又有铜的良好导电率及优良的抗腐蚀性能。
Electroforming copper grounding is a kind of two metalscomposite material. It was a new type of grounding that produced by electroformingcopper on the surface of steel. It used low carbon steel as steel core(according to the UL467, BS6651 and BS7430 standards) and uniformly absorbed 99.9%pure copper on the surface of steel core according to electrode principle. It not only hasthe features of steel, like high strength, constant low resistivity and highpermeability, but also has features of copper, like good conductivity andexcellent corrosion resistance.
电铸铜接地极是铜与钢的高分子结合，是导电率和耐腐蚀的极佳组合。具有铜层厚、结合力强、成本低、施工方便等特点，是目前最理想的接地材料。
Electroforming copper grounding is a polymer that combinedwith copper and steel. It is the best combination of conductivity and corrosionresistance. With features of thick copper layer, strong binding low cost andeasy construction, etc. it is the best ideal grounding material in nowadays.
1、制造工艺独特：电镀工艺，铜与钢完美结合。
1.Unique manufacturing technique: electroplating process, combined copper andsteel perfectly.
2、外观更美：全包铜技术(独家专利)，对比市场同类产品，外观更美，可与纯铜媲美。
2. Attractiveappearance: full plated copper technology (patented), comparing to othersimilar products in the market, it is more attractive and can be comparablewith pure copper.
3、防腐及导电率更优：由于电流在导体中的集肤效应及铜材独有的防腐特性，故导电率、抗腐蚀率优于其它接地产品。
3. Better corrosion resistance andelectric conductivity: because of the skin effect of current and the corrosionresistance of copper, the electric conductivity and corrosion of it is betterthan other grounding products.
4、安装便捷、施工简单、可手工或机械施工，造价低廉。
4.Easy installed and simple constructed, can be constructed by hand or machinewith low costs.
5、单面铜层最厚可以达到0.25mm-0.5mm；常规产品的单面铜层为0.25mm，使用寿命达40年以上。
5. Themaximum thickness of copper layer can be reach to 0.25mm-0.5mm, but that ofsimilar product is just 0.25mm. In this way, the service life of our groundingwill be more than 40years.
6、硬度高，适合深钻，从而容易打入地下，铜皮不破裂，不脱落，以满足特殊场合低阻值要求。
With highhardness, it is suitable for deep drilling and easy to be drived into ground.The copper layer surface will not crack or fall off, so that it can meet thelow resistance requirement of special occasions.
7、特制螺具连接器，连接更紧密，结合更好。
With special screwconnectors, it makes the connection easier, closer and better.
主要技术参数及规格
1、铜层最薄厚度≥0．254mm(UL标准≥0．254mm)
Minimum thickness of copper
2、抗拉强度≥600N／mm2
Tensile strength
3、平直度误差≤1mm／m
Flatness error
4、铜层可塑性：接地棒(线)弯曲成U型，折角内外缘无裂缝现象．
Copperlayer plasticity: ground rod (or wire) bends into U-shape, no cracks at inside oroutside edge of the corner.
5、铜层结合度：经附着力试验，除虎口钳钳口咬合处出现剥落铜层，其余部分铜钢结合良好，未出现剥离现象．
Combination degree of copper layer: according to the adhesiontest, there was no peeling layer of copper appeared in the test, except theplace bit by pliers jaws.
1、接地极常规螺纹为公制螺纹(中12．7mm、中14．2mm和中17．2mm可以订做英制螺纹)。
1. Thenormal screw of grounding is metric thread (Medium 12.7mm, medium 14.2mm andmedium 17.2mm. Inch thread is available according to customers’ request).
2、我司可供多种铜层厚度的接地极：0．025mm，0．05mm，0．10mm，0．125mm，0．2mm，0．254mm及0．33mm等等。
2.Groundings with thickness of copper layers are available: 0.025mm, 0.05mm, 0.10mm, 0.125mm, 0.2mm, 0.254mmand 0.33mm, etc.
3、多种接地极外形供客户选购：两头平螺纹，两头螺纹一头尖，一头尖一头平，一头螺纹一头尖。
3. Variousshapes of groundings are available: two flat screws, two screws with one sharpand one flat, one screw with sharp.
4、接地极长度可根据客户需要定制。
4.Length of the grounding can be produced according to customers’ request.
防雷接地SPD是什么意思
防雷装置检测中的SPD是电涌保护器。
当电源采用TN系统时，从总配电盘(箱)开始引出的配电线路和分支线路必须采用TN-S或TN-C-S系统。
原则上电涌保护器(SPD)和等电位连接位置应在各防雷区的交界处，但当线路能承受顶期的电涌电压时，SPD可安装在被保护设备处。线路的金属保护层或屏蔽层宜首先与防雷区交界处进行等电位连接。
电涌保护器(SPD)必须能承受预期通过它们的雷电流，并具有通过电涌时的最大嵌位电压和有熄灭工频续流的能力。
电涌保护器(SPD)两端连线应满足《GB 50057-2010建筑物防雷设计规范》的要求，SPD两端的引线长度不宜超过50cm。SPD应安装牢固。
SPD其他意思：
1、浪涌保护器，也叫防雷器，是一种为各种电子设备、仪器仪表、通讯线路提供安全防护的电子装置。当电气回路或者通信线路中因为外界的干扰突然产生尖峰电流或者电压时，浪涌保护器能在极短的时间内导通分流，从而避免浪涌对回路中其他设备的损害。
2、智能配电系统，使用智能通电技术可以合理控制用电，还可以对用电进行分析。面向对象技术、组件技术、网络技术、互联网技术、数据库技术、可视化技术、中间件技术、智能电器技术、抗干扰技术、可靠性技术和跨平台技术于一体。
谁能帮我找一些建筑学，土木方面的英语词汇，要那种常见单词但是意思很专业的，越多越好
to build, to construct 建设,建筑,修建
architecture 建筑学
building 修筑,建筑物
house 房子
skyscraper 摩天大楼
block of flats 公寓楼 (美作:apartment block)
monument 纪念碑
palace 宫殿
temple 庙宇
basilica 皇宫,教堂
cathedral 大教堂
church 教堂
tower 塔,塔楼
ten-storey office block 十层办公大楼
column 柱
colonnade 柱列
arch 拱
town planning 市政 (美作:city planning)
building permission 营建许可证,建筑开工许可证
greenbelt 绿地
elevation 建筑物的三面图
plan 设计图
scale 比例尺
to prefabricate 预制
excavation 挖土,掘土
foundations 基
to lay the foundations 打地基
course of bricks 砌好的砖列
scaffold 脚手架
scaffolding 脚手架
质量合格证书 certification of fitness
原材料 raw material
底板 bottom plate
垫层 cushion
侧壁 sidewall
中心线center line
条形基础 strip footing
附件 accessories
型钢 profile steel
钢板 steel plate
熔渣 slag
飞溅 welding spatter
定位焊 tacking
引弧 generating of arc
熄弧 quenching of arc
焊道 welding bead
坡口 beveled edges
外观检查 visual inspection
重皮 doubleskin
水平方向弧度 radian in horizontal direction
成型 molding
直线度 straightness accuracy
焊缝角变形 welding line angular distortion
水平度 levelness
铅垂度 verticality
翘曲变形 buckling deformation
角尺 angle square
对接焊缝 butt weld
母材 parent metal
法兰密封面 flange sealing surface
夹层interlayer
表面锈蚀浓度 surface corrosion concentration
挠曲变 bending deformation
超声波探伤 ultrasonic testing/ ultrasonic examination
压力容器 pressure vessel
预制下料prefabrication baiting
排版直径 set-type diameter
焊缝 welding line
中幅板 ? center plate
测量方法 measuring method
基准点 datum mark
跳焊 skip welding
允许偏差 allowable variation
补强板 stiffening plate
开孔 tapping
对接接头 banjo fixing butt jointing
角钢 angle iron
安装基准圆 installation fundamental circle
吊装立柱 hoisting upright column
焊接钢管 welded steel pipe
向心斜拉筋 centripetal canting pull rope
带板 band plate
槽钢胀圈 channel steel expansion ring
环口 collar extension
局部变形 local distortion
环缝 circumferential weld
顶板 top plate
拱顶 vault
顶板加强肋 stiffening rib
对接 butt joint
胎具 clamping fixture
卷板机 plate bending rolls
中心支架 center bearing bracket
椭圆度 ovality
等分线 bisectrix
搭接宽度lap width
点焊spot welding
搭接焊 overlap welding
对称：symmetrically
螺旋爬梯cockle stairs
放料阀baiting valve
液位计 content gauge
充水试验 filling water test
错边量 unfitness of butt joint
底圈 foundation ring
真空度检漏 vacuum degree leak test
丁字焊缝 tee welding
渗透探伤 oil whiting test
充水试验 filling water test
内侧角焊缝接头 interior angle welding line joint
foundation settlement 基础沉降
测量基准点 datum mark
稳定性试验 stability test
排气阀 outlet valve
角钢 angle steel
构件 component part
机械损伤 mechanical damage
缩孔 shrinkage cavity
enfoldment 折迭
碳钢管 carbon steel tube
公称直径 nominal diameter
预埋件 embedded part
轴测图 axonometric drawing
布置图arrangement diagram
氧乙炔气割 oxyacetylene gas cutting
低合金钢管low alloy steel
热影响区 heat affected area
修磨polish
砂轮片grinding wheel
等离子plasma panel
重皮 coldlap
凹凸unevenness
缩口necking down
端面 head face
倾斜 偏 差 dip deviation
外径 external diameter
砂轮grinding wheel
管件 pipe casting
单线 图single line drawing
平齐parallel and level
两端 two terminals
满扣 buckle
螺栓 紧 固 bolton
周边 periphery
附加 应 力 additional stress
同轴 度 axiality
平行 度 parallelism
随机 stochastic
允许 偏 差 allowable variation
重直 度verticality
水平 度 levelness
隔离 盲 板 blind plate
氩弧 焊argon arc welding
压盖 螺 栓 gland bolt
间距spacing
有效 期 period of validity
担任 take charge of undertake
焊条 welding rod
碳钢 焊 条carbon steel
焊丝 welding wire
熔化 焊 melting
钢丝 steel wire
气体 保 护 焊 gas shielded arc welding
烘干drying
清洗ablution
制度system
焊接 工 艺welding procedure
相应corresponding
手工 电 弧 焊manual electric arc welding
手工 钨 极 manual tungsten electrode
打底render
电源power source
交流alternating current
焊件 weldment
管壁 厚 度 pipe thickness
对接 焊 缝 butt weld
工件 壁 厚 workpiece
飞溅 物 splash
沾污 smirch
油污 oil stain
细锉 smooth file
铣刀 milling cutter
氧化 膜 oxide film
脱脂 处 理 ungrease treatment]
棉质 纤 维 cotton fibre
丙酮acetone
硫 sulfur
焊剂 welding flux
钢板 steel plate
纵向 焊 缝 longitudinal weld longitudinal seam
筒节 shell ring
封头 end socket
卷管 reelpipe
强度试验strength test
起弧arc starting
穿堂 风draught
熔合fusion
反面reverse side
整体integral
封堵block up
焊口 weld bond
医用 胶 布medical proof fabric
高频 high frequency
焊炬welding torch
送气air supply
电流衰减装置current attenuation
气体延时保护装置time delay
熄弧quenching of arc
成型molding
钢印代号steel seal
质量分析quality analysis
负责人principal
审批examine and approve
补焊工艺repair welding
压缩机compression pump
平焊法兰welded flange
测试流程图 test flow chart
加固措施 reinforcement measure
校验 verify
升压boost pressure
读数off scale reading
满刻度值ull-scale value
盲板blind plate
压力表pressure meter
强度intensity
目测eye survey
半径radius
公式formula
管路pipeline
严密性leakproofness
导电膏conductive paste
压接compression joint
地上连接overground
埋深buried depth
接地 线earth wire
说明description
分线盒junction box
接地装置earthing deivce
交叉across
塑料保护管protection tube
塑料带plastic tape
防腐处理preservative treatment
接地极earthing pole
接地电阻测试earth resistance
防雷接地lightning protection
遵守comply with
避雷网lightning conduction
引下线down lead
搭接焊overlap welding
避雷针lightning rod
镀锌制品zinc coating
断接卡breaking of contact
电阻resistance
配电装置power distribution equipment
集中接地装置centralized
串联cascade connection
干线联接main line
并列paratactic
单独solely
机组machine set
电力复合脂electric force compounded grease
电缆敷设cable laying
电缆槽架cable channel
主干线trunk line
弯头angle fitting
剥落处exfoliation
银粉aluminum powder
支持点support point
拆装disassembly and assembly
畅通smooth
电压等级electric pressure
通断实验onoff
终端头 terminals
余度remaining
标记 牌notice plate
表册statistical forms
电缆桥架cable testing bridge
电机electric machine
相对湿度relative humidity
杂物sundries
耐压试验withstand voltage test
照明器具ligthing paraphernalia
铭牌nameplate
验收 规 范acceptance specification
接线wire splice
试运test run
进线口incoming line
带电electrified
盘车转子jigger rotor
二次回路secondary circuit
中心线center line
触头contactor
配电 power distribution
成套whole set
楼板floor slab
备件duplicate part
包装packing
器材equipment
导线conducting wire
脱落fall off
规范specification
电器electrical appliance
断路器line breaker
机械联锁mechanical interlocking
碰撞collision
轻便 portable
综合分析判断 comprehensive analysis and judgement
变压器transformer
抽芯loose core/
过道aisle
三相电容three phase capacitance
芯棒core rod
都市规划与土地开发 Urban g and Land Development
社区开发及工业区开发 Community Development and Industry Park Development
开发许可申请 Development Permit
土地使用变更计划 Land Use Rezoning Plan
主要计划及细部计划 Master Plan and Detail Plan
都市计划更新计划 Urban Renewal Plan
都市设施 Urban Design
建筑设施 Architecture Design
大地工程 Geotechnical Engineering
工址调查 Site Investigation
现地试验与室内试验 In-Situ and Laboratory Test
基础工程 Foundation Design
深开挖工程及建物保护 Deep Excavation and Building Protection
新生地及软弱地层改良 Reclamation and Soft Ground Improvement
山坡地开发与水土保持 Slope land Development, Soil and Water Conservation
潜盾隧道与岩石隧道 Shield Tunnel and Rock Tunnel
大地工程施工顾问 Geotechnical Construction Consultant
土壤材料试验 Soil and Material
结构工程 Structural Engineering
各类钢筋混凝土、预力混凝土、钢结构及钢骨钢筋混凝土结构 Structures of R.C., Prestressed Concrete, Steel, and SRC
桥梁、高层建筑、地下结构物、隧道、深开挖挡土结构 Bridges, High-Rise Buildings, Underground Structures, Tunnels, Retaining Structures for Deep Excavations
桥梁安全检测、评估及维修补强 Bridge Inspection, Assessment, and Rehabilitation
钢结构细部设计及制造图 Steel Structural Detail Design and Shop Drawings
厂房工程 Industrial Plant
工业厂房--石化工厂、钢厂、电厂、气体厂、科技工业厂房、一般性厂房 Industrial Plants--Petroleum and Chemical, Steel, Power, Gas, High-Technical and General Plants
环保设施工厂--垃圾焚化厂、垃圾掩埋场、污水处理厂及相关管线 Environment Protecting Plants--Incineration Plants, Garbage Disposal Plants, Waste Water Treatment Plants and Piping System
设备支撑结构、管架、操作平台 Equipment Supporting Structures, Pipe Racks, Operating Platforms
设备基础 Equipment Foundations
厂区一般土木及公共设施 General Civil Works and Utilities of Plants
运输工程 Transportation Engineering
运输规划 Transportation Planning
铁路、捷运、高铁路线、车站及机厂工程
高速公路工程及一般道路工程
停车场设施工程规划、设计 Engineering Planning Design for Parking Facilities
交通维持计划 Traffic Control Management during Construction
B.O.T.可行性分析及方案研究
机场跑道及航站工程
水利及港湾工程 Hydraulic and Harbor Engineering
营建管理 Construction Management
估价及工程预算制作 Estimates and Engineering Budget Works
营建管理 Construction Management
工程监造 Construction Supervision
施工计划 Construction Plan
工程进度控管 Schedule Control during Construction
施工规划 Construction Specifications
环境工程 Environmental Engineering
环境影响评估 Environment Impact Assessment
环境监测 Environmental Monitoring
地下水监测系统 Groundwater Monitoring
污水处理厂 Wastewater Treatment Plant
污水下水道 Sewage System
噪音振动防治 Noise and Vibration
垃圾焚化厂兴建工程 Waste Incinerator
废弃物处理系统工程 Waste Treatment Disposal
共同管道 Common Ducts
管道及附属设施之规划设计 Planning and Design of Common Ducts Structures and Subsidiary Facilities
经济效益分析 Economic and Efficiency Analysis
财务评估 Financial Evaluation
管理维护办法及组织订定 Regulation for the Management, Maintenance and Organization
求一关于“建筑物防雷”的英文文献最好外带翻译的~~
Building anti-radar design standard
First, the building anti-radar classifies the anti-radar building category which pointed out explicitly to the standard, may apply mechanically directly. In the standard to some buildings only pointed out that is bigger than estimate thunder stroke number of times XX/every year, but belongs to two kinds or three kind of anti-radar buildings. Regarding these stipulations, only depends on the direct-viewing feeling and the experience in the design, cannot determine explicitly its building respective anti-radar category, causes to make two kinds anti-radar to make three kinds by mistake, should make three kinds anti-radar, but has not done, the result is to the building which completes creates certain hidden danger. This has the necessity according to the local annual mean thunderstorm day and the building locus geography, the geological soil, the meteorological environment and so on conducts the detailed research and makes the corresponding computation, determines the anti-radar rank.
For example: Under Jinan area Td=26.3 K=2 environment according to formula: N=0.024k · Td1.3 · Ae in the formula: N- building estimate thunder stroke number of times (/year) The K- correction factor (according to newly built building locus's geography, environment decides) Td- annual mean thunderstorm day Ae- and the building truncation receives the same thunder stroke number of times equivalent area (km2)
Calculates the length 100 meters, the width 25 meters, above two (H≥9 rice) the provincial level work building must make two kind of anti-radar. If through the computation, this kind of building actual does not make three kinds anti-radar or does not do is possible. From this sees, carries on the overall evaluation to some peculiar circumstance's building and makes the corresponding computation is very essential. the two, anti-radar electric inductions and the thunder electric waves invade the against long jab thunder the measure, the general layout personnel are very explicit. But, along with the technical development, electronic installation's popularization, the anti-radar electric induction and the thunder electric wave invasion must be clear in the design, and consummates gradually forms an anti-radar network. when the 1. thunder and lightning induces - the thunder discharge, has the electrostatic induction and the electromagnetic induction on the nearby conductor, it possibly causes between the metal part to produce the spark. Therefore is protected in building's metal earth, is the anti-radar electric induction key measure. First, completes the equipotential joint. To one, two kind of anti-radar buildings in parallel or overlapping placing metal pipeline, when its clear distance is smaller than 100mm, should use Jin Shuxian to bridge, is prevents the potential difference which the electromagnetic induction creates to be able the small gap breakdown, but produces the electric spark, every other ≤30m completes the earth. the 2. thunder electric wave invasion - as a result of the thunder and lightning to the air line either the metal pipeline's function, the thunder electric wave possibly along these pipeline invasion room, endangers the personal safety or damages the equipment. Therefore, completes the terminal the anti-radar protection, completes the equalizing ring and against flank attack thunder is the anti-radar electric wave invasion key measure. First, two kind of anti-radar construction low pressure coil in entire line uses buries straight said that is built on stilts the line introduces when the indoors many in a 15m section should trade the electric cable (metal armoring electric cable to bury straight, protective covering electric cable puts on steel pipe) the buyer, and is being built on stilts with the electric cable trades meets place completes the lightning protection protection. Two kind of anti-radar constructions work as the air line direct introduction, besides in the residence place addition arrester, and completes the buyer installment iron stock the earth, approaches on building's two telephone pole's iron stock also to complete the earth, and the impact earth resistance ≤30Ω, all weak electricity coil in's protection should with the strong electricity coil. The anti-radar building must complete the equalizing ring and against flank attack thunder protection. Equalizing ring from three starts, between link vertical range ≤12m, all downleads, building's metal structure and the hardware reliably connects with the link, the equalizing ring may use in the structure grid's steel bar (steel bar to link up ring circuit). A kind anti-radar constructs above 30m, two kinds anti-radar construct above 45m, three kinds anti-radar construct above 60m, must complete against flank attack thunder protection, makes one week level along the building outer wall to evade the mine belt, between the belt and the belt the vertical range ≤6m, in the outer wall all metal parapet, the windows and doors with evade the mine belt to connect reliably, evade the mine belt to connect reliably again with the downlead. The vertical placing's metal pipeline and the metal peak and the bottom end and the antimine device reliable connection, the goal lies in the equipotential, because and the both sides connection causes it to form the parallel with the downlead, causes the thunder electric current news fast to enter. three, anti-radar electric currents after downlead and when grounding has the high electric potential completes against long jab thunder, the thunder electric wave invasion and the thunder and lightning to the hardware or electrical line counter-attack measure induces, is not a complete anti-radar design. Because, in the building mostly uses together the grounding at present, when thunder long jab in this building antimine device, the supposition flows through approaches the low pressure electric installation place grounding the thunder electric current is 20KA, when impact earth resistance =1Ω, in the grounding the electric potential elevates is 20KV, but the general indoor low pressure installment bears the striking potential most to be high is 8KV. Its result causes the low pressure electric installation insulation to be weak place is possibly penetrated creates the short circuit, has the fire, to damage the equipment, this is very dangerous. Therefore, gives the enough value in the design, realizes omni-directionally, the multi-level anti-radar networks to the anti-radar building, causes the thunder and lightning the influence to reduce to the building is smallest.when building for high-pressured coil, high-pressured, the low pressure side each on supposes the arrester, with protects by the high-pressured coil in thunder and lightning and the operation (circuit breaker movement, throws cuts big electric motor and condenser bank and so on) the overvoltage. The electronic installation are many and the important construction, installs the overvoltage protection again in the low pressure power distribution branch, does for the reserve protection, mainly uses in further suppressing after the pretage protection limit on the surplus overvoltage and the power line the overvoltage which produces by the induction or the coupling.when building for low pressure coil, installs the overvoltage protector in the power source total coil in place. four, about meet dodges to meet dodges - the direct truncation the lightning rod which is struck by lightning, to evade the mine belt (line), the lightning protection network, as well as serves as the metal roofing which and the steel work meets dodges and so on. In many buildings, the roofing for on person roofing, is high to the artistic request, according to the conventional procedure, clearly spreads the lightning protection network with the garden steel to do meets dodges is artistic on the influence, this standard to two kind of anti-radar buildings in two, three, eight, nine section of building pointed out that with in the reinforced concrete roofing, Liang, column's steel bar achievement meets suitably dodges, in the practical application, may use in the roofing parapet wall the capping steel bar to do meets dodges, is higher than the roofing each kind of iron stock to with the capping steel bar reliable welding (when construction must pay attention to coordination), the capping steel bar with makes in downlead's column four corner postsThe muscle completes the reliable electrical connection. This procedure must have the concretes fragment which regularly to the thunder stroke the possibility creates or withdraw carries on the service. five, earth body - bury in the soil or the concrete foundation does drifts with the conductor about earth body the . In the practical application, the big project uses in the foundation the steel bar to make the earth body generally, and uses the union earth body, the earth resistance value to request slightly ≤1Ω. But in some have the basement, in half basement construction, at the construction uses the waterproofing material to construct the ledger wall to make waterproof processing. At present, uses the waterproofing material has the very good insulating property, therefore, makes the earthed pole directly to this kind of building using the foundation steel bar, had the possibility not to be able to satisfy the project docking earth resistance request, must direct from the column muscle downlead place, one week made in the closed artificial earth body and the foundation along the building slope protection outside the steel bar and uses, like this could achieve the satisfactory earth resistance value.
译文： 建筑物防雷设计规范
一、建筑物的防雷分类
对规范中明确指出的防雷建筑物类别，可直接套用。规范中对有些建筑物仅指出大于预计雷击次数XX次/每年，而归属二类或三类防雷建筑物。对于这些规定，在设计中仅凭直观感觉和经验，就不能明确确定其建筑物所属防雷类别，使应做二类防雷误做成三类，应做三类防雷而没做，结果是对建成的建筑物造成一定的隐患。这就有必要据当地的年平均雷暴日及建筑物所在地的地理、地质土壤、气象环境等进行详细的研究并做出相应的计算，来确定防雷等级。
例如：在济南地区Td=26.3 K=2的环境下
据公式：N=0.024k·Td1．3·Ae
式中：N—建筑物预计雷击次数(次/年)
K—校正系数(据新建建筑物所在地的地理、环境而定)
Td—年平均雷暴日
Ae—与建筑物截收相同雷击次数的等效面积(km2)
计算出长100米、宽25米，两层以上(H≥9米)的省级办公建筑物就要做二类防雷。如果不通过计算，这类建筑物实际中做成三类防雷或不做都是有可能的。由此看出，对一些特殊情况下的建筑物进行综合考虑并做出相应的计算是非常必要的。
二、防雷电感应和雷电波侵入
防直击雷的措施，一般设计人员都很明确。但是，随着科技的发展，电子设备的普及，防雷电感应和雷电波侵入在设计中也必须明确，并逐步完善形成一个防雷网络。
1.雷电感应—雷电放电时，在附近导体上产生的静电感应和电磁感应，它可能使金属部件之间产生火花。因此被保护建筑物内的金属物接地，是防雷电感应的主要措施。首先，是做好等电位联结。对一、二类防雷建筑物内平行或交叉敷设的金属管道，其净距小于100mm时，应采用金属线跨接，是防止电磁感应所造成的电位差能将小空隙击穿，而产生电火花，每隔≤30m做好接地。
2.雷电波侵入—由于雷电对架空线或金属管道的作用，雷电波可能沿着这些管线侵入屋内，危及人身安全或损坏设备。因此，做好进线端的防雷保护，做好均压环及防侧击雷是防雷电波侵入的主要措施。 一、二类防雷建筑低压进线全线采用直埋地引入，将线路架空引入户内时不少于15m的一段应换电缆(金属铠装电缆直埋地，护套电缆穿钢管)进户，并在架空与电缆换接处做好避雷保护。二类防雷建筑当架空线直接引入时，除在入户处加装避雷器，并将进户装置铁件做好接地外，靠近建筑物的两根电杆上的铁件也应做好接地，且冲击接地电阻≤30Ω，所有弱电进线的保护应同强电进线。防雷建筑要做好均压环及防侧击雷保护。均压环从三层开始，环间垂直距离≤12m，所有引下线、建筑物的金属结构和金属设备均与环可靠连接，均压环可利用结构圈梁内的钢筋(钢筋必须贯通成环路)。一类防雷建筑30m以上，二类防雷建筑45m以上，三类防雷建筑60m以上，要做好防侧击雷保护，沿建筑物外墙做一周水平避雷带，带与带间垂直距离≤6m，外墙上所有金属栏杆，门窗均与避雷带可靠连接，避雷带再与引下线可靠连接。竖直敷设的金属管道及金属物的顶端和底端与防雷装置可靠连接，目的是在于等电位，并且由于两端连接使其与引下线形成并联线路，使雷电流更讯速的入地。
三、防雷电流经引下线和接地装置时产生高电位对金属设备或电气线路反击的措施
做好防直击雷、雷电波侵入和雷电感应，还不是一个完整的防雷设计。因为，目前建筑物内大多采用共同接地装置，当雷直击于本建筑物防雷装置时，假设流经靠近低压电气装置处接地装置的雷电流为20KA，当冲击接地电阻=1Ω时，接地装置上电位升高为20KV，而一般室内低压装置的耐冲击电压最高为8KV。其结果就使低压电气装置绝缘较弱处可能被击穿而造成短路，发生火灾、损坏设备，这是非常危险的。因此，在设计中给予足够的重视，对防雷建筑物实现全方位、多层次的防雷网络，使雷电对建筑物的影响减至最小。
建筑物为高压进线时，高、低压侧各相上均设避雷器，用以防护由高压进线的雷电和操作(断路器动作，投切大电动机和电容器组等)过电压。电子设备较多且重要的建筑，在低压配电支线上再装设过电压保护，做为后备保护，主要用于进一步抑制经前置保护限制后的剩余过电压和电源线上由感应或耦合产生的过电压。
建筑物为低压进线时，在电源总进线处装设过电压保护器。
四、关于接闪器
接闪器—直接截受雷击的避雷针、避雷带(线)、避雷网，以及用作接闪的金属屋面和金属构件等。在许多建筑物中，屋面为上人屋面，对美观要求较高，按常规做法，用园钢明敷避雷网做接闪器就影响美观，本规范对二类防雷建筑物中二、三、八、九款中的建筑物指出宜用钢筋混凝土屋面、梁、柱内的钢筋作为接闪器，实际应用中，可采用屋面女儿墙内的压顶钢筋做接闪器，高出屋面的各种铁件要与压顶钢筋可靠焊接(施工时要注意配合)，压顶钢筋与做引下线的柱内四角柱筋做好可靠的电气连接。这种做法要定期对雷击有可能造成的混凝土碎片或脱开进行维修。
五、关于接地体
接地体—埋入土壤中或混凝土基础中作散流用的导体。实际应用中，一般较大工程都利用基础内钢筋做接地体，并采用联合接地体、接地电阻值要求小≤1Ω。但在一些带有地下室、半地下室的建筑中，土建上都采用防水材料对建筑底板做防水处理。目前，所采用的防水材料都具有很好的绝缘性，因此，对这类建筑直接利用基础钢筋做接地极，就有可能满足不了工程对接地电阻的要求，要从柱筋引下线处外引，沿建筑物护坡外一周做闭合人工接地体与基础内钢筋并用，这样能达到较满意的接地电阻值。
手要断了~~希望你能满意~
